Glossary OS

Leitura rápida

Comece pela explicação mais curta e útil antes de aprofundar.

A clock mechanism that cryptographically proves the passage of time between events. PoH uses a sequential SHA-256 hash chain where each output becomes the next input, creating a verifiable ordering of events without requiring consensus. The leader produces ~400,000 hashes per slot (~400ms), and any validator can verify the sequence in parallel, enabling Solana's high throughput by removing the need for validators to agree on time.

Modelo mental

Use primeiro a analogia curta para raciocinar melhor sobre o termo quando ele aparecer em código, docs ou prompts.

Pense nisso como o relógio criptográfico da Solana, dando à rede uma noção compartilhada de ordenação antes dos votos dos validators.

Contexto técnico

Coloque o termo dentro da camada de Solana em que ele vive para raciocinar melhor sobre ele.

Consenso, rotação de líderes, slots, epochs e o runtime.

Por que builders ligam para isso

Transforme o termo de vocabulário em algo operacional para produto e engenharia.

Fica mais útil quando você está navegando por Trilha de Runtime e precisa de vocabulário aterrado dentro de um fluxo real de build.

Trilha de Runtime

Handoff para IA

Use este bloco compacto quando quiser dar contexto aterrado para um agente ou assistente sem despejar a página inteira.

Prova de História (PoH) (proof-of-history)
Categoria: Protocolo Base
Definição: A clock mechanism that cryptographically proves the passage of time between events. PoH uses a sequential SHA-256 hash chain where each output becomes the next input, creating a verifiable ordering of events without requiring consensus. The leader produces ~400,000 hashes per slot (~400ms), and any validator can verify the sequence in parallel, enabling Solana's high throughput by removing the need for validators to agree on time.
Aliases: PoH
Relacionados: Slot, Agenda de Líderes, VDF (Função de Atraso Verificável)

Glossary Copilot

Faça perguntas de Solana com contexto aterrado sem sair do glossário.

Use contexto do glossário, relações entre termos, modelos mentais e builder paths para receber respostas estruturadas em vez de output genérico.

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Pergunta

Explicar este código

Opcional: cole código Anchor, Solana ou Rust para o Copilot mapear primitivas de volta para termos do glossário.

Faça uma pergunta aterrada no glossário

O Copilot vai responder usando o termo atual, conceitos relacionados, modelos mentais e o grafo ao redor do glossário.

Grafo conceitual

Veja o termo como parte de uma rede, não como uma definição sem saída.

Esses ramos mostram quais conceitos esse termo toca diretamente e o que existe uma camada além deles.

Ramo

Slot

A time window during which a designated leader validator can produce a block. Each slot lasts approximately 400 milliseconds. Slots are numbered sequentially from genesis and grouped into epochs of 432,000 slots (~2-3 days). Not every slot produces a block—a skipped slot means the leader was offline or too slow.

Bloco Época

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Ramo

Agenda de Líderes

A deterministic mapping of slots to validators for an entire epoch, computed from stake weights. Validators with more stake are assigned proportionally more leader slots. The schedule is derived using a seed from the previous epoch's randomness, so all validators independently compute the same schedule without coordination.

Validador

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Ramo

VDF (Função de Atraso Verificável)

Verifiable Delay Function—a function that takes a prescribed amount of sequential computation to evaluate but whose output can be quickly verified. Solana's Proof of History uses a SHA-256 hash chain as a practical VDF: computing the chain is inherently sequential, but verifying any segment can be parallelized across multiple cores.

Cadeia de Hash SHA-256

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Próximos conceitos para explorar

Continue a cadeia de aprendizado em vez de parar em uma única definição.

Estes são os próximos conceitos que valem abrir se você quiser que este termo faça mais sentido dentro de um workflow real de Solana.

Protocolo Base

Slot

A time window during which a designated leader validator can produce a block. Each slot lasts approximately 400 milliseconds. Slots are numbered sequentially from genesis and grouped into epochs of 432,000 slots (~2-3 days). Not every slot produces a block—a skipped slot means the leader was offline or too slow.

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Protocolo Base

Agenda de Líderes

A deterministic mapping of slots to validators for an entire epoch, computed from stake weights. Validators with more stake are assigned proportionally more leader slots. The schedule is derived using a seed from the previous epoch's randomness, so all validators independently compute the same schedule without coordination.

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Protocolo Base

VDF (Função de Atraso Verificável)

Verifiable Delay Function—a function that takes a prescribed amount of sequential computation to evaluate but whose output can be quickly verified. Solana's Proof of History uses a SHA-256 hash chain as a practical VDF: computing the chain is inherently sequential, but verifying any segment can be parallelized across multiple cores.

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Protocolo Base

Raiz

A block that has reached maximum lockout depth in Tower BFT, meaning 31 or more consecutive confirmations have been built on top of it. Once a block becomes a root, it and all its ancestors are considered irreversibly finalized. The root corresponds to the 'finalized' commitment level in RPC queries and advances monotonically as the cluster processes new blocks.

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Termos relacionados

Siga os conceitos que realmente dão contexto a este termo.

Entradas de glossário só ficam úteis quando estão conectadas. Esses links são o caminho mais curto para ideias adjacentes.

Protocolo Baseslot

Slot

A time window during which a designated leader validator can produce a block. Each slot lasts approximately 400 milliseconds. Slots are numbered sequentially from genesis and grouped into epochs of 432,000 slots (~2-3 days). Not every slot produces a block—a skipped slot means the leader was offline or too slow.

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Protocolo Baseleader-schedule

Agenda de Líderes

A deterministic mapping of slots to validators for an entire epoch, computed from stake weights. Validators with more stake are assigned proportionally more leader slots. The schedule is derived using a seed from the previous epoch's randomness, so all validators independently compute the same schedule without coordination.

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Protocolo Basevdf

VDF (Função de Atraso Verificável)

Verifiable Delay Function—a function that takes a prescribed amount of sequential computation to evaluate but whose output can be quickly verified. Solana's Proof of History uses a SHA-256 hash chain as a practical VDF: computing the chain is inherently sequential, but verifying any segment can be parallelized across multiple cores.

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Trilhas

Este termo faz parte de uma rota curada de aprendizado.

Use essas trilhas quando quiser sair do lookup isolado e entrar em uma exploração guiada.

Trilha

Trilha de Runtime

Entenda como Solana executa trabalho antes de otimizar ou debugar.

6 termos

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Mais na categoria

Permaneça na mesma camada e continue construindo contexto.

Essas entradas vivem ao lado do termo atual e ajudam a página a parecer parte de um grafo maior, não um beco sem saída.

Protocolo Base

Tower BFT

Solana's custom BFT consensus algorithm built on top of Proof of History. Tower BFT uses PoH as a clock to reduce communication overhead in traditional PBFT from O(n²) to O(n). Validators vote on forks with exponentially increasing lockout periods—each consecutive vote doubles the lockout, making rollbacks progressively more expensive. A fork is finalized when it reaches supermajority (66.7%+ of stake).

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Protocolo Base

Slot

A time window during which a designated leader validator can produce a block. Each slot lasts approximately 400 milliseconds. Slots are numbered sequentially from genesis and grouped into epochs of 432,000 slots (~2-3 days). Not every slot produces a block—a skipped slot means the leader was offline or too slow.

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Protocolo Base

Bloco

A set of entries produced by a leader during a single slot. A block contains transactions bundled into entries, each with a PoH hash proving ordering. Blocks are broken into shreds for network propagation via Turbine. Maximum block size is limited by compute units (48M CU cap per block) rather than byte size.

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Protocolo Base

Época

A period of 432,000 slots (approximately 2-3 days) that defines a staking cycle. At each epoch boundary, the leader schedule is recalculated based on stake weights, stake activations/deactivations take effect, and inflation rewards are distributed to validators and delegators.

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