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Network

Private Transaction

A transaction sent directly to the current block producer or through a private relay rather than being broadcast through public RPC nodes, reducing the window for MEV searchers to observe and exploit it before inclusion. On Solana, private transactions can be routed through Jito's Block Engine or via staked connections with direct TPU access. While no transaction is truly private on a public blockchain once confirmed, private submission minimizes the pre-inclusion observation window.

IDprivate-transaction
Plain meaning

Plain meaning

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A transaction sent directly to the current block producer or through a private relay rather than being broadcast through public RPC nodes, reducing the window for MEV searchers to observe and exploit it before inclusion. On Solana, private transactions can be routed through Jito's Block Engine or via staked connections with direct TPU access. While no transaction is truly private on a public blockchain once confirmed, private submission minimizes the pre-inclusion observation window.

Mental model

Mental model

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Technical context

Technical context

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Clusters, nodes, MEV actors, routing, and operating environments.

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Why builders care

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Private Transaction (private-transaction)
Category: Network
Definition: A transaction sent directly to the current block producer or through a private relay rather than being broadcast through public RPC nodes, reducing the window for MEV searchers to observe and exploit it before inclusion. On Solana, private transactions can be routed through Jito's Block Engine or via staked connections with direct TPU access. While no transaction is truly private on a public blockchain once confirmed, private submission minimizes the pre-inclusion observation window.
Related: MEV Protection, TPU Client, Block Engine (Jito)
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Concept graph

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Branch

MEV Protection

Mechanisms and tools designed to shield users from harmful MEV extraction such as sandwich attacks and frontrunning. On Solana, MEV protection strategies include using private transaction submission (bypassing public RPCs), setting tight slippage tolerances, routing through MEV-aware aggregators like Jupiter that optimize execution, and submitting transactions via Jito bundles with ordering guarantees. Some wallets and dApps integrate MEV protection by default to improve user outcomes.

MEV (Maximal Extractable Value)Slippage
Open term
Branch

TPU Client

A client library that sends transactions directly to the current leader validator's Transaction Processing Unit (TPU) port over QUIC, bypassing the standard RPC sendTransaction relay for lower latency and higher landing probability. The Solana SDK's TpuClient resolves the current leader from the leader schedule, establishes a QUIC connection, and forwards signed transactions directly. This approach is used by MEV searchers, high-frequency traders, and latency-sensitive applications that need the fastest possible path to block inclusion.

TPU (Transaction Processing Unit)QUIC Protocol
Open term
Branch

Block Engine (Jito)

Jito's off-chain infrastructure component that receives bundles from MEV searchers, simulates them against the current chain state to verify profitability and validity, and forwards the highest-value bundles to the current Jito-enabled leader just before block production. The Block Engine operates as a low-latency relay that continuously tracks the leader schedule and streams winning bundles in real time, acting as a private transaction ordering marketplace sitting between searchers and validators.

Jito (MEV Infrastructure)Bundle (Jito)
Open term
Next concepts to explore

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These are the next concepts worth opening if you want this term to make more sense inside a real Solana workflow.

Network

MEV Protection

Mechanisms and tools designed to shield users from harmful MEV extraction such as sandwich attacks and frontrunning. On Solana, MEV protection strategies include using private transaction submission (bypassing public RPCs), setting tight slippage tolerances, routing through MEV-aware aggregators like Jupiter that optimize execution, and submitting transactions via Jito bundles with ordering guarantees. Some wallets and dApps integrate MEV protection by default to improve user outcomes.

Open term
Network

TPU Client

A client library that sends transactions directly to the current leader validator's Transaction Processing Unit (TPU) port over QUIC, bypassing the standard RPC sendTransaction relay for lower latency and higher landing probability. The Solana SDK's TpuClient resolves the current leader from the leader schedule, establishes a QUIC connection, and forwards signed transactions directly. This approach is used by MEV searchers, high-frequency traders, and latency-sensitive applications that need the fastest possible path to block inclusion.

Open term
Network

Block Engine (Jito)

Jito's off-chain infrastructure component that receives bundles from MEV searchers, simulates them against the current chain state to verify profitability and validity, and forwards the highest-value bundles to the current Jito-enabled leader just before block production. The Block Engine operates as a low-latency relay that continuously tracks the leader schedule and streams winning bundles in real time, acting as a private transaction ordering marketplace sitting between searchers and validators.

Open term
Network

QUIC Protocol

The UDP-based transport protocol adopted by Solana as its primary transaction submission protocol, replacing raw UDP to provide congestion control, multiplexed streams, and connection-level flow control without TCP's head-of-line blocking. Solana's TPU (Transaction Processing Unit) accepts client transactions over QUIC, allowing the leader to apply back-pressure and drop connections from misbehaving senders. QUIC integration with SWQoS allows leaders to enforce stake-weighted bandwidth limits at the transport layer.

Open term
Commonly confused with

Terms nearby in vocabulary, acronym, or conceptual neighborhood.

These entries are easy to mix up when you are reading quickly, prompting an LLM, or onboarding into a new layer of Solana.

Networktransaction-fee

Transaction Fee

The total SOL cost to submit a transaction on Solana, composed of the base fee (5,000 lamports per signature) plus any optional priority fee (compute unit price × compute units consumed). Unlike Ethereum, Solana fees are not purely dynamic gas auctions — the base fee is fixed and priority fees are additive. Fees are deducted from the fee-payer account before execution; if the account lacks sufficient SOL, the transaction fails.

Open term
Networktransaction-landing

Transaction Landing

The outcome of a transaction being successfully included and confirmed in a Solana block, as opposed to being dropped, expiring, or failing simulation. Landing probability is influenced by priority fee competitiveness, blockhash freshness (must be within ~150 slots of creation), submission routing (direct to leader vs. RPC rebroadcast), and network congestion on the accounts involved. Developers optimize landing rates by using current-leader TPU endpoints, setting appropriate priority fees, and preflight-checking transactions before submission.

Open term
Networktransaction-retry

Transaction Retry / Rebroadcast

The practice of resubmitting a transaction multiple times until it lands or its blockhash expires, necessary because Solana does not guarantee delivery of any single submission and drops can occur at any pipeline stage. By default, Solana RPC nodes rebroadcast submitted transactions periodically, but this is unreliable; production applications implement client-side retry loops that resubmit the same signed transaction (with unchanged signature) at short intervals until confirmation is received or the blockhash expires (roughly 60–90 seconds after creation).

Open term
Related terms

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Networkmev-protection

MEV Protection

Mechanisms and tools designed to shield users from harmful MEV extraction such as sandwich attacks and frontrunning. On Solana, MEV protection strategies include using private transaction submission (bypassing public RPCs), setting tight slippage tolerances, routing through MEV-aware aggregators like Jupiter that optimize execution, and submitting transactions via Jito bundles with ordering guarantees. Some wallets and dApps integrate MEV protection by default to improve user outcomes.

Open term
Networktpu-client

TPU Client

A client library that sends transactions directly to the current leader validator's Transaction Processing Unit (TPU) port over QUIC, bypassing the standard RPC sendTransaction relay for lower latency and higher landing probability. The Solana SDK's TpuClient resolves the current leader from the leader schedule, establishes a QUIC connection, and forwards signed transactions directly. This approach is used by MEV searchers, high-frequency traders, and latency-sensitive applications that need the fastest possible path to block inclusion.

Open term
Networkblock-engine

Block Engine (Jito)

Jito's off-chain infrastructure component that receives bundles from MEV searchers, simulates them against the current chain state to verify profitability and validity, and forwards the highest-value bundles to the current Jito-enabled leader just before block production. The Block Engine operates as a low-latency relay that continuously tracks the leader schedule and streams winning bundles in real time, acting as a private transaction ordering marketplace sitting between searchers and validators.

Open term
More in category

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Network

Mainnet Beta

Solana's primary production cluster where real SOL and real economic activity occur; the "beta" designation reflects the network's ongoing protocol development despite being fully live since March 2020. It uses the same architecture as other clusters but with real validator stakes, live staking rewards, and permanent on-chain state. All production dApps, tokens, and NFTs exist on Mainnet Beta.

Open term
Network

Devnet

A persistent public Solana cluster intended for application development and testing, running the same software version as Mainnet Beta but with no real economic value. Devnet SOL can be freely airdropped via the CLI or faucet APIs, and the ledger may be reset periodically by Solana Labs. Developers use Devnet to test programs and integrations before deploying to Mainnet Beta.

Open term
Network

Testnet

A public Solana cluster used primarily by the Solana core team and validators to test new software releases, performance benchmarks, and network upgrades under real network conditions before they reach Mainnet Beta. Testnet SOL has no monetary value, and the ledger is reset more frequently than Devnet; it is less suitable for application development and more suited for validator operators validating their infrastructure.

Open term
Network

TPS (Transactions Per Second)

The rate at which a Solana cluster processes and commits transactions; Solana's theoretical maximum exceeds 65,000 TPS due to its parallel execution model, though real-world sustained throughput on Mainnet Beta typically ranges from 2,000–5,000 non-vote TPS under normal load. Vote transactions (used for consensus) make up a significant portion of all on-chain activity and are counted separately. High TPS is enabled by Proof of History timestamps, Sealevel parallel execution, and Gulf Stream mempool-less forwarding.

Open term