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The interface through which SBF programs request services from the Solana runtime, analogous to OS system calls. Syscalls provide access to operations that cannot be implemented in userspace BPF code: cryptographic functions (SHA-256, Keccak, Poseidon, secp256k1 recovery), logging (sol_log), account data access, CPI (invoke/invoke_signed), program return data, and sysvar reads. Each syscall has a defined compute unit cost.