Glossary OS

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The component within Solana's TPU pipeline responsible for ordering transactions from the banking stage's queues, acquiring account read/write locks, and dispatching transactions to worker threads for execution. The scheduler enforces account conflict serialization (ensuring write-locked accounts are processed by only one thread at a time) while maximizing parallelism across non-conflicting transactions. Solana has iterated on scheduler designs (including the central scheduler introduced in 2024) to improve throughput and reduce lock contention under load.

Modelo mental

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Pense nisso como um bloco de construção que ajuda a ligar uma definição isolada ao sistema maior onde ela vive.

Contexto técnico

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Clusters, nós, atores de MEV, roteamento e ambientes operacionais.

Por que builders ligam para isso

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Este termo destrava conceitos adjacentes rapidamente, então funciona melhor quando você o trata como um ponto de conexão, não como definição isolada.

Handoff para IA

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Scheduler (scheduler)
Categoria: Rede
Definição: The component within Solana's TPU pipeline responsible for ordering transactions from the banking stage's queues, acquiring account read/write locks, and dispatching transactions to worker threads for execution. The scheduler enforces account conflict serialization (ensuring write-locked accounts are processed by only one thread at a time) while maximizing parallelism across non-conflicting transactions. Solana has iterated on scheduler designs (including the central scheduler introduced in 2024) to improve throughput and reduce lock contention under load.
Relacionados: TPU (Unidade de Processamento de Transações), Parallel Transaction Execution

Glossary Copilot

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Pergunta

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O Copilot vai responder usando o termo atual, conceitos relacionados, modelos mentais e o grafo ao redor do glossário.

Grafo conceitual

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Ramo

TPU (Unidade de Processamento de Transações)

Transaction Processing Unit—the pipeline within a leader validator that ingests, verifies, and executes transactions. The TPU has stages: fetch (receive packets via QUIC), sigverify (verify Ed25519 signatures), banking (execute against current bank state), and broadcast (shred and send via Turbine). Non-leader validators forward transactions to the current leader's TPU.

TVU (Unidade de Validação de Transações)Transação

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Ramo

Parallel Transaction Execution

Solana's ability to process multiple transactions simultaneously by analyzing their account access lists and executing non-conflicting transactions in parallel across CPU cores via the Sealevel runtime. Two transactions can run in parallel only if they do not share any writable accounts; transactions sharing a writable account are serialized. This design allows Solana to fully exploit modern multi-core hardware and is a primary contributor to its high throughput.

Sealevel TPS (Transações por Segundo)

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Próximos conceitos para explorar

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Estes são os próximos conceitos que valem abrir se você quiser que este termo faça mais sentido dentro de um workflow real de Solana.

Protocolo Base

TPU (Unidade de Processamento de Transações)

Transaction Processing Unit—the pipeline within a leader validator that ingests, verifies, and executes transactions. The TPU has stages: fetch (receive packets via QUIC), sigverify (verify Ed25519 signatures), banking (execute against current bank state), and broadcast (shred and send via Turbine). Non-leader validators forward transactions to the current leader's TPU.

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Rede

Parallel Transaction Execution

Solana's ability to process multiple transactions simultaneously by analyzing their account access lists and executing non-conflicting transactions in parallel across CPU cores via the Sealevel runtime. Two transactions can run in parallel only if they do not share any writable accounts; transactions sharing a writable account are serialized. This design allows Solana to fully exploit modern multi-core hardware and is a primary contributor to its high throughput.

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Rede

Searcher (MEV)

An MEV actor that monitors on-chain state and pending transactions to identify profitable opportunities such as arbitrage, liquidations, or backruns, and submits transaction bundles through Jito's Block Engine to capture that value. Searchers compete on speed and strategy, paying tips to validators for bundle inclusion priority. Searcher operations range from beneficial (keeping markets efficient through arbitrage) to extractive (sandwich attacks that harm regular users).

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Rede

QUIC Protocol

The UDP-based transport protocol adopted by Solana as its primary transaction submission protocol, replacing raw UDP to provide congestion control, multiplexed streams, and connection-level flow control without TCP's head-of-line blocking. Solana's TPU (Transaction Processing Unit) accepts client transactions over QUIC, allowing the leader to apply back-pressure and drop connections from misbehaving senders. QUIC integration with SWQoS allows leaders to enforce stake-weighted bandwidth limits at the transport layer.

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Comumente confundido com

Termos próximos em vocabulário, sigla ou vizinhança conceitual.

Essas entradas são fáceis de misturar quando você lê rápido, faz prompting em um LLM ou está entrando em uma nova camada de Solana.

Redeslashing

Slashing

The punitive reduction of a validator's stake as a penalty for provable misbehavior such as double-signing or equivocation — confirming two conflicting blocks at the same slot. As of 2025, Solana does not yet enforce automatic on-chain slashing (unlike Ethereum), though it is a planned addition to the protocol; the primary deterrents currently are social consensus, stake withdrawal by delegators, and future slashing implementation. The lack of slashing means Solana validators face lower direct financial risk from bugs but also reduced cryptographic accountability compared to slashing-enabled networks.

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Termos relacionados

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Entradas de glossário só ficam úteis quando estão conectadas. Esses links são o caminho mais curto para ideias adjacentes.

Protocolo Basetpu

TPU (Unidade de Processamento de Transações)

Transaction Processing Unit—the pipeline within a leader validator that ingests, verifies, and executes transactions. The TPU has stages: fetch (receive packets via QUIC), sigverify (verify Ed25519 signatures), banking (execute against current bank state), and broadcast (shred and send via Turbine). Non-leader validators forward transactions to the current leader's TPU.

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Redeparallel-execution

Parallel Transaction Execution

Solana's ability to process multiple transactions simultaneously by analyzing their account access lists and executing non-conflicting transactions in parallel across CPU cores via the Sealevel runtime. Two transactions can run in parallel only if they do not share any writable accounts; transactions sharing a writable account are serialized. This design allows Solana to fully exploit modern multi-core hardware and is a primary contributor to its high throughput.

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Mais na categoria

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Essas entradas vivem ao lado do termo atual e ajudam a página a parecer parte de um grafo maior, não um beco sem saída.

Rede

Mainnet Beta

Solana's primary production cluster where real SOL and real economic activity occur; the "beta" designation reflects the network's ongoing protocol development despite being fully live since March 2020. It uses the same architecture as other clusters but with real validator stakes, live staking rewards, and permanent on-chain state. All production dApps, tokens, and NFTs exist on Mainnet Beta.

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Rede

Devnet

A persistent public Solana cluster intended for application development and testing, running the same software version as Mainnet Beta but with no real economic value. Devnet SOL can be freely airdropped via the CLI or faucet APIs, and the ledger may be reset periodically by Solana Labs. Developers use Devnet to test programs and integrations before deploying to Mainnet Beta.

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Rede

Testnet

A public Solana cluster used primarily by the Solana core team and validators to test new software releases, performance benchmarks, and network upgrades under real network conditions before they reach Mainnet Beta. Testnet SOL has no monetary value, and the ledger is reset more frequently than Devnet; it is less suitable for application development and more suited for validator operators validating their infrastructure.

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Rede

TPS (Transações por Segundo)

The rate at which a Solana cluster processes and commits transactions; Solana's theoretical maximum exceeds 65,000 TPS due to its parallel execution model, though real-world sustained throughput on Mainnet Beta typically ranges from 2,000–5,000 non-vote TPS under normal load. Vote transactions (used for consensus) make up a significant portion of all on-chain activity and are counted separately. High TPS is enabled by Proof of History timestamps, Sealevel parallel execution, and Gulf Stream mempool-less forwarding.

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