Institution holding securities in electronic form as central ownership registry. Examples: DTCC (US), Euroclear (Europe). On blockchain, the token program serves as a permissionless alternative — the ledger itself maintains the ownership registry.
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Institution holding securities in electronic form as central ownership registry. Examples: DTCC (US), Euroclear (Europe). On blockchain, the token program serves as a permissionless alternative — the ledger itself maintains the ownership registry.
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CSD (Central Securities Depository) (csd) Category: Blockchain General Definition: Institution holding securities in electronic form as central ownership registry. Examples: DTCC (US), Euroclear (Europe). On blockchain, the token program serves as a permissionless alternative — the ledger itself maintains the ownership registry. Aliases: Central Securities Depository, CSD Related: Clearing and Settlement, Blockchain, SPL Token Program
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Two phases of completing a financial transaction. Clearing: reconciling orders and calculating net obligations. Settlement: actual exchange of securities and cash. Traditional markets: T+1/T+2. Blockchain enables atomic settlement — simultaneous instant exchange eliminating counterparty risk.
A distributed, append-only ledger that records transactions in cryptographically linked blocks. Each block contains a hash of the previous block, forming an immutable chain. Nodes in the network maintain copies of the ledger and reach agreement through consensus mechanisms. Blockchains enable trustless, decentralized record-keeping without a central authority.
The original Solana Program Library token program (TokenkegQfeZyiNwAJbNbGKPFXCWuBvf9Ss623VQ5DA) that implements fungible and non-fungible token operations. It manages mints (token definitions) and token accounts (balances). Core instructions include InitializeMint, MintTo, Transfer, Burn, Approve (delegation), and Revoke. All SPL tokens on mainnet before Token-2022 use this program.
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Two phases of completing a financial transaction. Clearing: reconciling orders and calculating net obligations. Settlement: actual exchange of securities and cash. Traditional markets: T+1/T+2. Blockchain enables atomic settlement — simultaneous instant exchange eliminating counterparty risk.
A distributed, append-only ledger that records transactions in cryptographically linked blocks. Each block contains a hash of the previous block, forming an immutable chain. Nodes in the network maintain copies of the ledger and reach agreement through consensus mechanisms. Blockchains enable trustless, decentralized record-keeping without a central authority.
The original Solana Program Library token program (TokenkegQfeZyiNwAJbNbGKPFXCWuBvf9Ss623VQ5DA) that implements fungible and non-fungible token operations. It manages mints (token definitions) and token accounts (balances). Core instructions include InitializeMint, MintTo, Transfer, Burn, Approve (delegation), and Revoke. All SPL tokens on mainnet before Token-2022 use this program.
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A distributed, append-only ledger that records transactions in cryptographically linked blocks. Each block contains a hash of the previous block, forming an immutable chain. Nodes in the network maintain copies of the ledger and reach agreement through consensus mechanisms. Blockchains enable trustless, decentralized record-keeping without a central authority.
The protocol by which nodes in a distributed network agree on the current state of the ledger. Common mechanisms include Proof of Work (Bitcoin), Proof of Stake (Ethereum, Solana), and BFT variants. Consensus ensures all honest nodes converge on the same transaction history despite potential network delays or malicious actors.
A consensus mechanism where validators are selected to produce blocks based on the amount of cryptocurrency they have staked (locked) as collateral. PoS is energy-efficient compared to Proof of Work. Misbehaving validators risk losing their stake (slashing). Solana, Ethereum (post-Merge), Cosmos, and Cardano use PoS variants.
A consensus mechanism where miners compete to solve computationally expensive puzzles to produce blocks and earn rewards. PoW provides strong security (51% attack resistance) but is energy-intensive. Bitcoin and pre-Merge Ethereum use PoW. The difficulty adjusts to maintain target block times regardless of total network hash power.