DeFi

Constant Product Formula (x*y=k)

The AMM pricing formula x * y = k, where x and y are the reserve quantities of two tokens and k is a constant. As one token is bought, its reserve decreases and price increases, following a hyperbolic curve. This ensures the pool never runs out of either token but causes increasing slippage for larger trades.

IDconstant-product

Plain meaning

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The AMM pricing formula x * y = k, where x and y are the reserve quantities of two tokens and k is a constant. As one token is bought, its reserve decreases and price increases, following a hyperbolic curve. This ensures the pool never runs out of either token but causes increasing slippage for larger trades.

Mental model

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Think of it as a market mechanic used to price, route, or move capital through liquidity apps.

Technical context

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AMMs, routing, liquidity, lending, and trading infrastructure.

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Constant Product Formula (x*y=k) (constant-product)
Category: DeFi
Definition: The AMM pricing formula x * y = k, where x and y are the reserve quantities of two tokens and k is a constant. As one token is bought, its reserve decreases and price increases, following a hyperbolic curve. This ensures the pool never runs out of either token but causes increasing slippage for larger trades.
Related: AMM (Automated Market Maker), Liquidity Pool
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Branch

AMM (Automated Market Maker)

A protocol that enables token swaps using algorithmic pricing against pooled liquidity instead of matching individual buyers and sellers. AMMs use mathematical formulas (typically constant product x*y=k) to determine prices based on the ratio of tokens in a liquidity pool. On Solana, major AMMs include Raydium, Orca, and Meteora.

Branch

Liquidity Pool

A smart-contract-held reserve of two or more tokens that enables trading via an AMM. Users deposit token pairs in specified ratios to become liquidity providers and earn trading fees. Pools are identified by their token pair and fee tier. Pool depth (total value locked) determines price impact for trades.

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DeFi

AMM (Automated Market Maker)

A protocol that enables token swaps using algorithmic pricing against pooled liquidity instead of matching individual buyers and sellers. AMMs use mathematical formulas (typically constant product x*y=k) to determine prices based on the ratio of tokens in a liquidity pool. On Solana, major AMMs include Raydium, Orca, and Meteora.

DeFi

Liquidity Pool

A smart-contract-held reserve of two or more tokens that enables trading via an AMM. Users deposit token pairs in specified ratios to become liquidity providers and earn trading fees. Pools are identified by their token pair and fee tier. Pool depth (total value locked) determines price impact for trades.

DeFi

Coupon Rate

Annual interest rate paid by a bond issuer as percentage of face value. A 5% coupon on $1,000 bond pays $50/year. In tokenized bonds, coupon payments are automated as on-chain distributions. T-bills are zero-coupon (purchased at discount, redeemed at par).

DeFi

Confidence Interval (Oracle)

A measure of uncertainty published alongside each Pyth price feed, representing the range within which the true price likely falls. If SOL/USD is $150 with a confidence interval of $0.10, the price is between $149.90 and $150.10 with high probability. DeFi protocols should use confidence intervals to widen spreads or pause operations during periods of high uncertainty to avoid acting on imprecise prices.

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DeFicpmm

CPMM (Constant Product Market Maker)

The simplest and most widely used AMM model, based on the formula x * y = k where x and y are token reserves and k is an invariant. Every swap changes the ratio of reserves while keeping the product constant, producing a hyperbolic price curve. CPMMs provide liquidity across the full price range (0 to infinity) but are less capital-efficient than concentrated liquidity designs. Raydium's standard pools use this model.

AliasCPMM
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DeFiamm

AMM (Automated Market Maker)

A protocol that enables token swaps using algorithmic pricing against pooled liquidity instead of matching individual buyers and sellers. AMMs use mathematical formulas (typically constant product x*y=k) to determine prices based on the ratio of tokens in a liquidity pool. On Solana, major AMMs include Raydium, Orca, and Meteora.

DeFiliquidity-pool

Liquidity Pool

A smart-contract-held reserve of two or more tokens that enables trading via an AMM. Users deposit token pairs in specified ratios to become liquidity providers and earn trading fees. Pools are identified by their token pair and fee tier. Pool depth (total value locked) determines price impact for trades.

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DeFi

AMM (Automated Market Maker)

A protocol that enables token swaps using algorithmic pricing against pooled liquidity instead of matching individual buyers and sellers. AMMs use mathematical formulas (typically constant product x*y=k) to determine prices based on the ratio of tokens in a liquidity pool. On Solana, major AMMs include Raydium, Orca, and Meteora.

DeFi

CLMM (Concentrated Liquidity Market Maker)

An AMM design where liquidity providers concentrate their capital within specific price ranges instead of across the full 0-to-infinity range. CLMMs dramatically improve capital efficiency—LPs earn more fees per dollar deposited within their active range. If the price moves outside the range, the position becomes inactive. Orca Whirlpools and Raydium CLMM are leading implementations on Solana.

DeFi

Liquidity Pool

A smart-contract-held reserve of two or more tokens that enables trading via an AMM. Users deposit token pairs in specified ratios to become liquidity providers and earn trading fees. Pools are identified by their token pair and fee tier. Pool depth (total value locked) determines price impact for trades.

DeFi

LP Token

A token issued to liquidity providers representing their proportional share of a pool's reserves and accrued fees. LP tokens can be burned to withdraw the underlying assets. The value of LP tokens changes as the pool's token ratios shift and fees accumulate. LP tokens are often stakeable in yield farming programs for additional rewards.